Neonicotinoids in the agroecosystem: In-field long-term assessment on honeybee colony strength and microbiome

Bees can be severely affected by various plant protection products (PPP). Among these, neonicotinoid insecticides are of concern as they have been shown to responsible for extensive honeybee colonies death when released into the environment. Also, sublethal doses contaminating single honeybees and their (e.g. through contaminated pollen) physiological alterations with probable implication also on microbiome functionality. Honeybees show symbiotic interactions specific gut bacteria that enhance adult host performances. known mechanisms, modulation immune system, degradation recalcitrant secondary metabolites, pollen digestion, hormonal signaling, most important functional benefits honeybee. To date, few research efforts aimed at revealing impact PPP microbial community managed wild honeybees. The majority existing literature relays cage or semifield tests short duration investigating neonicotinoids-gut interactions. This wanted unravel two neonicotinoids (i.e. imidacloprid thiacloprid) in natural field conditions up 5 weeks exposure. A long-term was observed. several genera species such Frischella spp., lactobacilli bifidobacteria, whose shifting is implicated intestinal dysbiosis. Long-term leading dysbiosis detected case exposure imidacloprid, whereas thiacloprid stimulated temporary Moreover, diversity significantly reduced neonicotinoid-treated groups. Overall, reported results support a compromised functionality community, might reflect lower efficiency ecosystemic